Matériaux & Techniques Editorial - Matériaux désordonnés , verres et leur fonctionnalisation

International audienceDisordered materials, glasses and their functionalization. This Topical Issue presents articles which illustrate the diversity of the activities of research and development led on glasses in France, and reflects the way in which the GDR “Glass” and the Union for Glass Science and Technology (USTV)act to federate the scientific actions on glasses for the GDR and to insure the link between the academic and industrial communities.Ce numéro thématique présente des articles qui illustrent la diversité des activités de recherche et développement menées sur les verres en France , et refì etent bien l ' esprit avec lequel le GDR ((Verres)) et l ' Union pour la Science et la Technologie Verrì eres (USTV) agissent pour fédérer les actions scientifiques sur les verres pour le GDR et pour et assurer un lien entre les communautés académiques et industrielles

A spatial data infrastructure dedicated to the interoperable exchange of meteorological measurements in renewable energies

The 16th Annual Meeting of the European Meteorological Society (EMS) and the 11th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC) will take place 12 - 16 September 2016 in Trieste, Italy. The conference theme is: Where atmosphere, sea and land meet: bridging between sciences, applications and stakeholders

Sitting of a solar power plant: Development of Web service based on GEOSS data and guidance

International audienceRenewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy offer a large untapped potential for electricity production. The exploitation of these energies requires accurate knowledge of the resources and of their availability (in space and time) as well as accurate forecasts in the different phases of an energy system life cycle. For instance, the site selection process for development of large solar systems, such as photovoltaic on open land, require data on time-averaged values of solar irradiance from which basic economic assessments of a plant concept can be made. The paper illustrates the exploitation of Earth Observation data in this context. It describes the approach of setting-up a series of Web services that implement key features in Earth Observation data exploitation and illustrate their use through a complex application in the sitting of a solar power plant. The scenario is built on GEOSS interoperability and standard guidance

Le GDR-Verres et l’USTV : des réseaux pour la réflexion scientifique sur des problématiques verrières académiques et industrielles

International audienceLa communauté scientifique et industrielle du verre est extraordinairement riche en France. Des équipes scientifiques avec une renommée internationale et une R&D verrière industrielle française, très dynamique, ayant besoin d’échanges sur des domaines d’expertise. Le réseau animé par le GDR-Verres et l’USTV crée un lien entre les équipes de recherche fondamentale, celles plus appliquée ou technologiques, et le monde industriel

Environmental impact for offshore wind farms: Geolocalized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach

International audienceThis paper presents an approach for Environmental Impact Assessment through the use of geolocalized LCA approach, for fixed and floating offshore wind farms. This work was undertaken within the EU-sponsored EnerGEO project, aiming at providing a versatile modeling platform for stakeholders allowing calculation, forecasting and monitoring of environmental impacts of different sources of energy. This paper described the geolocalized LCA approach, and its use for the evaluation of environmental impacts of wind energy. The effects of offshore wind farms on global environnemental impacts are evaluated though the LCA approach. It takes into account the type of wind farm, the construction phase, all technical aspects, the operation and maintenance scheme and the decommissioning. It also includes geolocalized information such as wind resources, bathymetry, accessibility ... Environmental impact parameters are accessible through a web service helping the decision makers in assessing the environnemental impacts

Satellite-based estimation of surface solar irradiance

Databases of solar radiation values measured since 1985, which are of high interest in domains such as renewable energy, health, or architecture, are now freely available online

Increased Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Cycle Defects Contribute to Anemia in the RASA3 Mutant Mouse Model s

RASA3 is a Ras GTPase activating protein that plays a critical role in blood formation. The autosomal recessive mouse model scat (severe combined anemia and thrombocytopenia) carries a missense mutation in Rasa3. Homozygotes present with a phenotype characteristic of bone marrow failure that is accompanied by alternating episodes of crisis and remission. The mechanism leading to impaired erythropoiesis and peripheral cell destruction as evidenced by membrane fragmentation in scat is unclear, although we previously reported that the mislocalization of RASA3 to the cytosol of reticulocytes and mature red cells plays a role in the disease. In this study, we further characterized the bone marrow failure in scat and found that RASA3 plays a central role in cell cycle progression and maintenance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during terminal erythroid differentiation, without inducing apoptosis of the precursors. In scat mice undergoing crises, there is a consistent pattern of an increased proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase at the basophilic and polychromatophilic stages of erythroid differentiation, suggesting that RASA3 is involved in the G1 checkpoint. However, this increase in G1 is transient, and either resolves or becomes indiscernible by the orthochromatic stage. In addition, while ROS levels are normal early in erythropoiesis, there is accumulation of superoxide levels at the reticulocyte stage (DHE increased 40% in scat; p = 0.02) even though mitochondria, a potential source for ROS, are eliminated normally. Surprisingly, apoptosis is significantly decreased in the scat bone marrow at the proerythroblastic (15.3%; p = 0.004), polychromatophilic (8.5%; p = 0.01), and orthochromatic (4.2%; p = 0.02) stages. Together, these data indicate that ROS accumulation at the reticulocyte stage, without apoptosis, contributes to the membrane fragmentation observed in scat. Finally, the cell cycle defect and increased levels of ROS suggest that scat is a model of bone marrow failure with characteristics of aplastic anemia

Hydrogen diffusion and trapping in a low copper 7xxx aluminium alloy investigated by Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of the 7046 aluminium alloy (AA 7046) was investigated. Samples of AA 7046 corresponding to different ageing temperature/time couples were hydrogenated by cathodic charging in a H2SO4 solution. Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM) combined with global hydrogen amount measurements allowed apparent hydrogen diffusion coefficients (Dapp) to be measured: the decrease of the Dapp values with the increase of the ageing duration was attributed to hydrogen trapping by hardening η’ and η precipitates for the aged alloy. Additional SKPFM measurements were carried out on hydrogen charged samples after desorption at 25 °C and combined with SEM observations of the fracture surfaces after tensile tests. Results showed that hydrogen could be trapped at the grain boundaries leading to brittle intergranular fracture. However, hardening precipitates could act as efficient trapping sites and reduce hydrogen trapping at the grain boundaries. Conclusion is that the most critical microstructural parameters for HE of AA 7046 correspond to the grain boundaries while ageing could contribute to improve the resistance to HE of the alloy by a well-controlled precipitation

Web tool for energy policy decision-making through geo-localized LCA models: A focus on offshore wind farms in Northern Europe

International audienceEnvironmental performances of electricity generation, expressed as environmental impacts per kWh of electricity produced, depend strongly on technical, methodological and geographical parameters. When considering the global environmental performances of renewable energies, a geo-dependent life cycle assessment (LCA) taking into account geographical issues is of high interest. To illustrate this issue, a web map service enabling "geolocalized life cycle assessment" of offshore wind farms for different configurations has been developed. Based on a modular LCA model and on collaborative works made within the framework of the FP7 co-funded project EnerGEO, the developed tool should help decision makers in assessing the global environmental impacts caused by an offshore wind farm in Northern Europe

High spatial resolution solar atlas in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur

International audienceConsidering the spatial resolution of satellite-based databases of surface solar irradiation such as HelioClim-3, the geographic scale of solar mapping that can be derived is approx. 1 / 5 000 000. This geographic scale is suitable for continent or country solar mapping. Nevertheless, customers' feedback notably states that there is a need of spatial resolution improvement. In this context of spatial resolution improvement of solar resource estimation, the project solar atlas in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA), finalized in December 2010, aims at increasing spatial resolution of HelioClim-3 to derive 250 m resolution solar maps. The solar atlas accounts for the global, direct and diffuse on inclined plane or in normal incidence irradiations and their temporal variations intra and inter-annual, on a monthly basis, since February 2004. The Digital Elevation Model SRTM-V4 is used to get topographic data with a spatial resolution of approximately 100 m and a localization accuracy of typically 10 m. This topographic data is used to estimate high resolution terrain effects on HelioClim-3 derived solar radiation fields, taking into account orographic effects: * Effects of optical path length variations due to terrain elevation; * Shadow effects on direct and circumsolar diffuse radiation computed from local horizon estimation; * Horizon effects on isotropic diffuse radiation with the sky view factor estimation. These orographic phenomena are indeed the source of significant local spatial variations in solar radiation values and potentially discriminating in choosing the location, the calculation of profitability or the sizing of photovoltaic or thermodynamic solar power systems. Solar mapping with a geographic scale of 1 / 3 000 000 or more does not represent properly these local phenomena. In order to establish an accurate mapping at 250 m with associated uncertainty using HelioClim-3 data, procedures of calibration has been established with meteorological ground stations. The global horizontal irradiation is calibrated thanks to the Météo France meteorological network comprising, in PACA, about 30 automatic ground stations delivering at least daily global irradiation on horizontal plane. A strict data quality control has been applied to these ground data to guarantee their quality as reference ground-based daily irradiation data. The diffuse and direct irradiations are calibrated thanks to three specific ground stations dedicated expressly to the project, delivering one year of simultaneous 10-min global and diffuse irradiations on the horizontal plan and direct irradiation on normal incidence. Statistical analysis of direct and cross-validation estimation errors after calibration with the pyranometric ground stations has been made to establish the uncertainties associated with the solar atlas. The root mean square error of monthly irradiation estimation is about 5% (c. 5 kWh / m2) for global, direct and diffuse components on horizontal plane, without significant bias error. The accuracy of monthly direct normal irradiation is about 10% (c. 15 kWh/m2). Data from the solar atlas in PACA is available for free at www.atlas-solaire.fr. In particular, a Web Map Service (WMS), based on the Open Geographical Consortium standards, has been set up to deliver maps from the solar atlas in an interoperable and standard way